// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 1
子	zi3	n. -master (honorific title following a family name)n. sons.v. to be a son, to act as a son (should)n. daughterpron. you (honorific second-person pronoun; contrast 汝 rǔ)Lessons 1, 2, 6, 10
曰	yue1	v. to say (used to introduce a direct quotation)Lessons 1
性	xing4	n. nature (as in "human nature" or "the natures of humans")Lessons 1
相	xiang1	adv. to each otherLessons 1
近	jin4	s.v. to be closeLessons 1
也	ye3	g.p. (comes at the end of sentences to mark nominal sentences; often indicates a generalization)g.p. (vocative particle; follows name of person addressed)Lessons 1, 8
習	xi2	n. practicesLessons 1
遠	yuan3	s.v. to be farLessons 1

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 2
子	zi3	n. -master (honorific title following a family name)n. sons.v. to be a son, to act as a son (should)n. daughterpron. you (honorific second-person pronoun; contrast 汝 rǔ)Lessons 1, 2, 6, 10
齊	Qi2	other (name of a state)Lessons 2
景	jing3	s.v. to be bright, shiningother Jing (honorific posthumous name)Lessons 2
公	gong1	n. duke (highest heriditary title below the king)Lessons 2
問	wen4	t.v. to ask something of someoneadv. questioningly, as a questionLessons 2, 8
政	zheng4	n. government, governingLessons 2
於	yu2	g.p. from, of (marks the indirect object of a verb)Lessons 2
孔	Kong3	n. (the family name of 孔子 Kǒngzǐ, aka Confucius)Lessons 2
對	dui4	adv. respondingly, in responseLessons 2
君	jun1	n. ruler, lords.v. to be a ruler, to act as a ruler (should)Lessons 2
臣	chen2	n. ministers.v. to be a minister, to act as a minister (should)Lessons 2
父	fu4	n. fathers.v. to be a father, to act as a father (should)Lessons 2
不	bu4	adv. not (negates verbs or verbal phrases)Lessons 2

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 3
樊	fan2	other (family name)Lessons 3
遲	chi2	other (personal name)Lessons 3
仁	ren2	n. humaneness; benevolences.v. to be fully human, to be benevolentLessons 3
愛	ai4	t.v. to loveLessons 3
人	ren2	n. other peoplen. people, personsLessons 3, 7
知	zhi1	t.v. to know, to understand, to appreciaten. wisdom (zhì)s.v. to be wise (zhì)Lessons 3
者	zhe3	g.p. (follows a verbal phrase, transforming into a nominal phrase describing the subject of the verbal phrase: "those who…" or "that which…")g.p. (transforms verbal phrase, V, into a gerund, V-ing)g.p. (marks expression being defined or characterized)Lessons 3, 5, 9
安	an1	n. peace, safetyt.v. to regard as peacefuladv. how…? from where…?Lessons 3, 10
利	li4	n. profit, benefitt.v. to treat as profitable, to treat as beneficialLessons 3
樂	le4	t.v. to delight inLessons 3
水	shui3	n. watern. riversLessons 3
山	shan1	n. mountainsLessons 3

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 4
由	you2	other (personal name)Lessons 4
誨	hui4	t.v. to teach someone about somethingLessons 4
汝	ru3	pron. you (addresses subordinates)Lessons 4
之	zhi1	pron. him, her, them, it (object of verb or preposition)g.p. (subordinates object to subject, possession or specification)Lessons 4, 6
乎	hu1	g.p. (comes at the end of a sentence, makes it a question)g.p. (vocative particle; follows name of person addressed)g.p. on, from, of (preposition)Lessons 4, 8, 9
為	wei2	v. to act asLessons 4
是	shi4	pron. thisLessons 4
自	zi4	pron. oneself (reflexive pronoun)Lessons 4
明	ming2	s.v. to be enlighteneds.v. to be brightLessons 4, 11
勝	sheng4	t.v. to defeat, to conquerLessons 4
有	you3	t.v. to havet.v. there is, there existsLessons 4
力	li4	n. strength, powerLessons 4
強	qiang2	s.v. to be strong, to be powerfulLessons 4

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 5
者	zhe3	g.p. (follows a verbal phrase, transforming into a nominal phrase describing the subject of the verbal phrase: "those who…" or "that which…")g.p. (transforms verbal phrase, V, into a gerund, V-ing)g.p. (marks expression being defined or characterized)Lessons 3, 5, 9
善	shan4	s.v. to be goodLessons 5
哉	zai1	g.p. (exclamatory particle; usually ends a sentence)Lessons 5
信	xin4	adv. truly, genuinelyt.v. to have faith in, to have confidence in, to believe inLessons 5, 12
如	ru2	t.v. to be like, to be as good asconj. ifLessons 5
雖	sui1	conj. although, even thoughLessons 5
粟	su4	n. grainLessons 5
吾	wu2	pron. Ipron. my, mineLessons 5
得而	de2er2	other to succeed in V-ingLessons 5
食	shi2	t.v. to eatLessons 5
諸	zhu1	g.p. contraction of 之乎 or 之於Lessons 5
好	hao4	t.v. to be fond ofLessons 5

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 6
子	zi3	n. -master (honorific title following a family name)n. sons.v. to be a son, to act as a son (should)n. daughterpron. you (honorific second-person pronoun; contrast 汝 rǔ)Lessons 1, 2, 6, 10
之	zhi1	pron. him, her, them, it (object of verb or preposition)g.p. (subordinates object to subject, possession or specification)Lessons 4, 6
道	dao4	n. path, wayn. the right way to follow (the Way)n. a linquistic account of a wayn. the metaphysical foundation of the universet.v. to give a linquistic account of somethingLessons 6
可	ke3	v. can be verb-edLessons 6
非	fei1	v. is-not (negates a nominal sentence)s.v. to be wrongLessons 6, 8
恆	heng2	s.v. to be constantLessons 6
名	ming2	n. namet.v. to give a name toLessons 6
無	wu2	t.v. to lack, to not haveLessons 6
萬	wan4	n. ten thousand, myriadLessons 6
物	wu4	n. thingn. kind of thingLessons 6
始	shi3	n. beginningLessons 6
母	mu3	n. motherLessons 6
謂	wei4	t.v. to say something of/aboutLessons 6
公冶	gong1ye3	other (family name, literally "Duke's Smelter" or "Dukesmith"Lessons 6
長	chang2	other (personal name)Lessons 6
妻	qi4	t.v. to give a wife toLessons 6
在	zai4	t.v. to be inLessons 6
縲絏	lei2xie4	other fetters, ropes for binding prisonersLessons 6
中	zhong1	n. middleLessons 6
其	qi2	pron. his, her, its, their (third person possessive)n. the (as in "the Way")Lessons 6, 7
罪	zui4	n. crime, faultLessons 6
以	yi3	v. using, by means of, in order toLessons 6

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 7
人	ren2	n. other peoplen. people, personsLessons 3, 7
其	qi2	pron. his, her, its, their (third person possessive)n. the (as in "the Way")Lessons 6, 7
曾	zeng1	other (family name)Lessons 7
士	shi4	n. aristocrat, scholar, warriorLessons 7
可以	ke3yi3	v. can, may (coverb)Lessons 7
弘	hong2	s.v. to be broad (metaphorically or literally)Lessons 7
毅	yi4	s.v. to be resoluteLessons 7
任	ren4	n. responsibilityLessons 7
重	zhong4	s.v. to be heavyLessons 7
而	er2	conj. and (for verbs)Lessons 7
以爲	yi3wei2	other to take it as, to regard it asLessons 7
己	ji3	pron. self, oneself (can be used attributively of nouns)Lessons 7
不亦⋯⋯乎	bu2yi4hu1	other is it not…?Lessons 7
死	si3	s.v. to die, to be deadLessons 7
而後	er2hou4	conj. and only thenLessons 7
已	yi3	s.v. to stop, to be endedadv. alreadyLessons 7, 10
富	fu4	n. wealthLessons 7
與	yu3	conj. and (for nouns)g.p. (comes at the end of a sentence, makes it a question)g.p. (sentence-final exclamatory)Lessons 7, 8, 13
貴	gui4	n. esteemLessons 7
所	suo3	g.p. (transforms following transitive verb into a nominal phrase describing the object of the verb)Lessons 7
欲	yu4	t.v. to desireLessons 7
得	de2	t.v. to get, to obtainv. to succeed inLessons 7
處	chu3	t.v. to dwell in, to remain inLessons 7
貧	pin2	n. povertyLessons 7
賤	jian4	n. low prestige, low social statusLessons 7
惡	wu4	t.v. to dislike, to hateLessons 7
去	qu4	t.v. to forsake, to abandonLessons 7

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 8
也	ye3	g.p. (comes at the end of sentences to mark nominal sentences; often indicates a generalization)g.p. (vocative particle; follows name of person addressed)Lessons 1, 8
問	wen4	t.v. to ask something of someoneadv. questioningly, as a questionLessons 2, 8
乎	hu1	g.p. (comes at the end of a sentence, makes it a question)g.p. (vocative particle; follows name of person addressed)g.p. on, from, of (preposition)Lessons 4, 8, 9
非	fei1	v. is-not (negates a nominal sentence)s.v. to be wrongLessons 6, 8
與	yu3	conj. and (for nouns)g.p. (comes at the end of a sentence, makes it a question)g.p. (sentence-final exclamatory)Lessons 7, 8, 13
賜	ci4	other (name)Lessons 8
予	yu2	pron. ILessons 8
多	duo1	adv. disparately; to do V of many thingsLessons 8
學	xue2	t.v. to studys.v. to be learnedLessons 8
識	zhi4	t.v. to rememberLessons 8
然	ran2	s.v. to be so, to be this wayg.p. -ingly (follows a stative verb, converting it into an adverb)Lessons 8, 11
一	yi1	n. oneLessons 8
貫	guan4	t.v. to bind togetherLessons 8
子貢	zi3gong4	other (name)Lessons 8
言	yan2	n. words, maximt.v. to put into words, to create maximst.v. to meanLessons 8, 9
終身	zhong1shen1	other one’s whole life (literally, "end self")Lessons 8
行	xing2	t.v. to put into effectLessons 8
其⋯⋯乎	qi2hu1	other is it not…?Lessons 8
恕	shu4	n. reciprocity, sympathyLessons 8
勿	wu4	adv. do not…it (imperative)Lessons 8
施	shi1	t.v. to bestow something on someone (usually done by a superior to a subordinate)Lessons 8
參	shen1	other (name)Lessons 8
唯	wei2	t.v. is-so, yes (agreeing)Lessons 8
出	chu1	s.v. to be outv. to go out, to leaveLessons 8
門人	men2ren2	n. disciples (literally, "gate people")Lessons 8
何	he2	pron. whatLessons 8
夫子	fu1zi3	other the MasterLessons 8
忠	zhong1	n. loyalty; dutifulnessLessons 8
而已矣	er2yi3yi3	other and that is allLessons 8

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 9
者	zhe3	g.p. (follows a verbal phrase, transforming into a nominal phrase describing the subject of the verbal phrase: "those who…" or "that which…")g.p. (transforms verbal phrase, V, into a gerund, V-ing)g.p. (marks expression being defined or characterized)Lessons 3, 5, 9
乎	hu1	g.p. (comes at the end of a sentence, makes it a question)g.p. (vocative particle; follows name of person addressed)g.p. on, from, of (preposition)Lessons 4, 8, 9
言	yan2	n. words, maximt.v. to put into words, to create maximst.v. to meanLessons 8, 9
文章	wen2zhang1	other words and deedsLessons 9
聞	wen2	t.v. to hearLessons 9
天	tian1	n. Heaven (an impersonal higher power)s.v. to be of Heaven, HeavenlyLessons 9
德	de2	n. virtue, political charisma generated by a good characterLessons 9
見	xian4	s.v. to be visiblet.v. to see (jiàn)Lessons 9, 12
外	wai4	n. the outsideLessons 9
威儀	wei1yi2	n. august bearingLessons 9
文辭	wen2ci2	n. eloquent wordsLessons 9
皆	jie1	adv. allLessons 9
受	shou4	t.v. to receiveLessons 9
理	li3	n. Pattern, Principle (technical term in Confucian metaphysics for the underlying structure of the universe, fully complete in each thing that exists, but manifested differently due to the concrete embodiment of each thing)Lessons 9
自然	zi4ran2	s.v. to be natural (literally, "self-so")n. naturalnessLessons 9
本	ben3	n. root, basiss.v. to be fundamentalLessons 9
體	ti3	n. Substance (technical term in Confucian metaphysics; roughly, the 體 is what something is in itself, while its 用, Function, is how it manifests itself in action; the eye is 體, seeing is its 用; water is 體, waves are its 用)Lessons 9
實	shi2	n. reality (as opposed to appearance or manifestation)Lessons 9
日	ri4	adv. dailyLessons 9
固	gu4	adv. definitelyLessons 9
共	gong4	adv. jointly, as a groupLessons 9
至於	zhi4yu2	other When it comes to…Lessons 9
則	ze2	g.p. (contrastive topic marker)conj. thenLessons 9, 13
罕	han3	adv. seldomLessons 9

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 10
子	zi3	n. -master (honorific title following a family name)n. sons.v. to be a son, to act as a son (should)n. daughterpron. you (honorific second-person pronoun; contrast 汝 rǔ)Lessons 1, 2, 6, 10
安	an1	n. peace, safetyt.v. to regard as peacefuladv. how…? from where…?Lessons 3, 10
已	yi3	s.v. to stop, to be endedadv. alreadyLessons 7, 10
莊	zhuang1	other (family name)Lessons 10
惠	hui4	other (family name)Lessons 10
遊	you2	v. to roam, to wanderLessons 10
濠	hao2	other (name of a river; 濠。水名也。)Lessons 10
梁	liang2	n. roof beam, structural beamn. bridgeLessons 10
上	shang4	s.v. to be above (contrast 下 xià)Lessons 10
鯈	tiao2	n. freshwater minnowLessons 10
魚	yu2	n. fishLessons 10
從容	cong1rong2	s.v. to be easygoingLessons 10
我	wo3	pron. I, mepron. my, mineLessons 10
請	qing3	t.v. to request, to ask, to invitet.v. please do…Lessons 10
循	xun2	t.v. follow, abide byLessons 10
云	yun2	t.v. to say (often embedded quote)Lessons 10
云者	yun2zhe3	other was said (used to mark the end of a quotation or paraphrase)Lessons 10
全	quan2	s.v. to be complete, to be wholeadv. allLessons 10
既	ji4	adv. completely, fully, whollyadv. already, sinceLessons 10

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 11
明	ming2	s.v. to be enlighteneds.v. to be brightLessons 4, 11
然	ran2	s.v. to be so, to be this wayg.p. -ingly (follows a stative verb, converting it into an adverb)Lessons 8, 11
床	chuang2	n. bedLessons 11
前	qian2	n. the frontLessons 11
月	yue4	n. moonLessons 11
光	guang1	s.v. to shineLessons 11
疑	yi2	t.v. to suspect that, to wonder whetherLessons 11
地	di4	n. earthn. groundLessons 11
霜	shuang1	n. frostLessons 11
舉	ju3	t.v. to liftLessons 11
頭	tou2	n. headLessons 11
望	wang4	t.v. to look atLessons 11
低	di1	t.v. to lowerLessons 11
思	si1	t.v. to think longingly ofLessons 11
故鄉	gu4xiang1	n. hometown (literally, old town)Lessons 11
世	shi4	n. worldn. eraLessons 11
若	ruo4	s.v. to be likeLessons 11
大	da4	s.v. to be bigLessons 11
夢	meng4	n. dreamt.v. to dreamLessons 11, 13
胡為	hu2wei4	other for what (reason)Lessons 11
勞	lao2	t.v. to belabor, to make work forLessons 11
生	sheng1	n. lifeLessons 11
所以	suo3yi3	conj. because of this, thereforen. that by means of which, the reason whyLessons 11, 12
終日	zhong1ri4	adv. all day (literally, end day)Lessons 11
醉	zui4	s.v. to be intoxicatedLessons 11
頹	tui2	s.v. to slump, to sprawlLessons 11
臥	wo4	s.v. to sleepLessons 11
楹	ying2	n. pillarLessons 11

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 12
信	xin4	adv. truly, genuinelyt.v. to have faith in, to have confidence in, to believe inLessons 5, 12
見	xian4	s.v. to be visiblet.v. to see (jiàn)Lessons 9, 12
所以	suo3yi3	conj. because of this, thereforen. that by means of which, the reason whyLessons 11, 12
孟	meng4	other (family name)Lessons 12
忍	ren3	t.v. to be unfeeling towardLessons 12
今	jin1	g.p. indicates a counterfactual moodLessons 12
乍	zha4	adv. suddenlyLessons 12
孺子	ru2zi3	n. babyn. toddlerLessons 12
將	jiang1	v. will, shall, going toLessons 12
入	ru4	s.v. to enterLessons 12
井	jing3	n. wellLessons 12
怵惕	chu4ti4	n. alarm, fearLessons 12
惻隱	ce4yin3	n. sympathy, compassionLessons 12
心	xin1	n. heartn. feelingLessons 12
端	duan1	n. tipn. sproutLessons 12
苟	gou3	conj. if onlyLessons 12
能	neng2	v. to be able toLessons 12
充	chong1	t.v. to fill upt.v. to make completeLessons 12
足	zu2	s.v. to be sufficientLessons 12
保	bao3	t.v. to protectLessons 12
四海	si4hai3	n. the Four Seasn. the inhabited worldLessons 12
事	shi4	t.v. to serve (especially a superior)Lessons 12
盡	jin4	adv. wholly, completely, fullyLessons 12
書	shu1	n. book, writingsn. the DocumentsLessons 12

// Classical Chinese For Everyone/Lesson 13
與	yu3	conj. and (for nouns)g.p. (comes at the end of a sentence, makes it a question)g.p. (sentence-final exclamatory)Lessons 7, 8, 13
則	ze2	g.p. (contrastive topic marker)conj. thenLessons 9, 13
夢	meng4	n. dreamt.v. to dreamLessons 11, 13
昔者	xi1zhe3	adv. in the past, once upon a timeLessons 13
周	zhou1	other (personal name)Lessons 13
胡蝶	hu2die2	n. butterflyLessons 13
栩栩	xu3xu3	s.v. to be livelyLessons 13
喻	yu4	t.v. to understandLessons 13
適	shi4	t.v. to satisfyLessons 13
志	zhi4	n. intentions, goalsLessons 13
俄	e2	s.v. to be suddenLessons 13
覺	jue2	s.v. to be consciousLessons 13
蘧蘧	qu2qu2	s.v. to be suddenLessons 13
必	bi4	adv. must, necessarilyLessons 13
分	fen1	n. distinctionLessons 13
此	ci3	n. thisLessons 13
之謂	zhi1wei4	other is what is calledLessons 13
化	hua4	n. transformationLessons 13